CORPORATE ACTIVITIES IN RELIGIOUS LIFE

Religious corporations have been integral to the spiritual and social fabric of ancient Indian societies, providing a structured framework for communal living and organized religious practices. Among these, the Buddhist and Jaina fraternities stand out as notable examples, each with its unique organizational structures, rituals, and significance. This essay explores the corporate life and religious activities of these fraternities, with a focus on the Buddhist Saṅgha and the Jaina order, highlighting their hierarchical structures, governance, and distinctive ceremonies.

The Buddhist Saṅgha, established by Gautama Buddha, was a well-organized religious corporation with a hierarchical structure. Local bodies, known as Sanghas, operated autonomously, comprising fully ordained monks. The essay outlines key officers responsible for various aspects of monastic life, including food distribution, lodging, and robes. The centralized authority rested with Gautama Buddha, who remained the sole lawgiver even after his demise. However, the absence of a central organization posed challenges, leading to periodic General Councils serving as quasi-central authorities.

Similarly, the Jaina fraternity operated under a distinct corporate structure, although specific details are not provided in the text. It can be inferred that the Jaina order followed rules and regulations guided by a central authority, resembling the organizational model of the Buddhist Saṅgha. Both fraternities shared a common emphasis on local bodies, guided by overarching central authorities.

Buddhism, under Gautama Buddha's teachings, welcomed members from all classes, transcending traditional caste and social distinctions. This inclusivity extended to even the Śūdras and hijras, showcasing a departure from Brahmanical norms. The Jaina order, although not explicitly discussed, likely shared a similar commitment to inclusivity and non-discrimination.

Initiation into the Buddhist Saṅgha involved the pabbajjā and upasampadā ordinations, evolving over time. The text emphasizes the authority granted to senior monks in initiating new members, with the upasampadā ordination requiring a learned preceptor. This process facilitated the formal integration of new monks into the communal life of the Saṅgha.

Once initiated, a Bhikkhu's life became intricately regulated by a comprehensive set of rules, covering every aspect of daily living. The relationship between the new monk and the preceptor was highlighted, emphasizing mutual respect, guidance, and communal living. The disciplined life within the Saṅgha aimed at fostering a sense of collective purpose and spiritual growth.

Both the Buddhist Saṅgha and the Jaina fraternity exhibited distinct characteristics that defined them as advanced religious corporations in ancient India. The communal ownership of property, strict adherence to rules, and the collective pursuit of spiritual goals were central tenets. The Saṅgha's emphasis on democratic governance within local Sanghas, adherence to regulations, and the conduct of specific ceremonies, such as Uposatha and Kathina, reinforced its corporate nature.

The essay explores the special features and ceremonies that contributed to the corporate spirit of these religious fraternities. Regular assemblies, such as the Uposatha ceremony, provided a platform for communal recitation of the Pātimokkha and discussions on matters related to the Church. The Vassa retreat during the rainy season facilitated a period of collective living and reflection. The Kathina ceremony, involving the distribution of robes, further strengthened the bonds within the Saṅgha.

The corporate life and religious activities of ancient Indian societies, particularly exemplified by the Buddhist Saṅgha and the Jaina fraternity, played a pivotal role in shaping the communal and organizational aspects of religious practices. The shared principles of collective living, egalitarian membership, and rigorous discipline were central to these religious corporations, reflecting the nuanced and complex nature of ancient Indian society. As historical beacons, the Buddhist and Jaina fraternities stand testament to the enduring impact of organized religious life on the spiritual landscape of ancient India.